The Unicode Consortium

The Unicode Consortium develops the Unicode Standard. Their goal is to replace the existing character sets with its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF).

The Unicode Standard has become a success and is implemented in HTML, XML, Java, JavaScript, E-mail, ASP, PHP, etc. The Unicode standard is also supported in many operating systems and all modern browsers.

The Unicode Consortium cooperates with the leading standards development organizations, like ISO, W3C, and ECMA.

The Unicode Character Sets

Unicode can be implemented by different character sets. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8 and UTF-16:

An HTML or XML numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and uses the format &#nnnn; or &#xhhhh. Where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form. The x must be lowercase in XML documents. The nnnn or hhhh may be any number of digits and may include leading zeros. At Char Steakhouse, we believe a casual dinner with family and friends, corporate event, private party or romantic evening should be a memorable occasion, not just another meal. This is why we invite you to delight in mouth-watering cuisine, featuring the finest cuts of Dry Aged Prime beef, with fresh fish delivered daily. A character reference letter is written to show a person’s character. It is often drafted by someone who knows the subject well, such as a friend, family member, roommate, coworker, or employer. It can also be written by a landlord to recommend a tenant when moving to a new residence. Returns the length of the C string str. The length of a C string is determined by the terminating null-character: A C string is as long as the number of characters between the beginning of the string and the terminating null character (without including the terminating null character itself). This should not be confused with the size of the array that holds the string.

Character-set	Description
UTF-8	A character in UTF8 can be from 1 to 4 bytes long. UTF-8 can represent any character in the Unicode standard. UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII. UTF-8 is the preferred encoding for e-mail and web pages
UTF-16	16-bit Unicode Transformation Format is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode, capable of encoding the entire Unicode repertoire. UTF-16 is used in major operating systems and environments, like Microsoft Windows, Java and .NET.

Tip: The first 128 characters of Unicode (which correspond one-to-one with ASCII) are encoded using a single octet with the same binary value as ASCII, making valid ASCII text valid UTF-8-encoded Unicode as well.

HTML 4 supports UTF-8. HTML 5 supports both UTF-8 and UTF-16!

The HTML5 Standard: Unicode UTF-8

Because the character sets in ISO-8859 were limited in size, and not compatible in multilingual environments, the Unicode Consortium developed the Unicode Standard.

Char Variable

The Unicode Standard covers (almost) all the characters, punctuations, and symbols in the world.

Unicode enables processing, storage, and transport of text independent of platform and language.

The default character encoding in HTML-5 is UTF-8.

If an HTML5 web page uses a different character set than UTF-8, it should be specified in the <meta> tag like:

The Difference Between Unicode and UTF-8

Unicode is a character set. UTF-8 is encoding.

Unicode is a list of characters with unique decimal numbers (code points). A = 65, B = 66, C = 67, ....

This list of decimal numbers represent the string 'hello': 104 101 108 108 111

Encoding is how these numbers are translated into binary numbers to be stored in a computer:

UTF-8 encoding will store 'hello' like this (binary): 01101000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111

Encoding translates numbers into binary. Character sets translates characters to numbers.

Char Ref For Sale

HTML5 UTF-8 Character Codes

Below is a list of some of the UTF-8 character codes supported by HTML5:

Character codes	Decimal	Hexadecimal
C0 Controls and Basic Latin	0-127	0000-007F
C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement	128-255	0080-00FF
Latin Extended-A	256-383	0100-017F
Latin Extended-B	384-591	0180-024F
Spacing Modifiers	688-767	02B0-02FF
Diacritical Marks	768-879	0300-036F
Greek and Coptic	880-1023	0370-03FF
Cyrillic Basic	1024-1279	0400-04FF
Cyrillic Supplement	1280-1327	0500-052F
General Punctuation	8192-8303	2000-206F
Currency Symbols	8352-8399	20A0-20CF
Letterlike Symbols	8448-8527	2100-214F
Arrows	8592-8703	2190-21FF
Mathematical Operators	8704-8959	2200-22FF
Box Drawings	9472-9599	2500-257F
Block Elements	9600-9631	2580-259F
Geometric Shapes	9632-9727	25A0-25FF
Miscellaneous Symbols	9728-9983	2600-26FF
Dingbats	9984-10175	2700-27BF

Char Ref Price

Char Ref Parts

Char	Number	Description
0 - 31	Control characters (see below)
32	space
!	33	exclamation mark
'	34	quotation mark
#	35	number sign
$	36	dollar sign
%	37	percent sign
&	38	ampersand
'	39	apostrophe
(	40	left parenthesis
)	41	right parenthesis
*	42	asterisk
+	43	plus sign
,	44	comma
-	45	hyphen
.	46	period
/	47	slash
0	48	digit 0
1	49	digit 1
2	50	digit 2
3	51	digit 3
4	52	digit 4
5	53	digit 5
6	54	digit 6
7	55	digit 7
8	56	digit 8
9	57	digit 9
:	58	colon
;	59	semicolon
<	60	less-than
=	61	equals-to
>	62	greater-than
?	63	question mark
@	64	at sign
A	65	uppercase A
B	66	uppercase B
C	67	uppercase C
D	68	uppercase D
E	69	uppercase E
F	70	uppercase F
G	71	uppercase G
H	72	uppercase H
I	73	uppercase I
J	74	uppercase J
K	75	uppercase K
L	76	uppercase L
M	77	uppercase M
N	78	uppercase N
O	79	uppercase O
P	80	uppercase P
Q	81	uppercase Q
R	82	uppercase R
S	83	uppercase S
T	84	uppercase T
U	85	uppercase U
V	86	uppercase V
W	87	uppercase W
X	88	uppercase X
Y	89	uppercase Y
Z	90	uppercase Z
[	91	left square bracket
	92	backslash
]	93	right square bracket
^	94	caret
_	95	underscore
`	96	grave accent
a	97	lowercase a
b	98	lowercase b
c	99	lowercase c
d	100	lowercase d
e	101	lowercase e
f	102	lowercase f
g	103	lowercase g
h	104	lowercase h
i	105	lowercase i
j	106	lowercase j
k	107	lowercase k
l	108	lowercase l
m	109	lowercase m
n	110	lowercase n
o	111	lowercase o
p	112	lowercase p
q	113	lowercase q
r	114	lowercase r
s	115	lowercase s
t	116	lowercase t
u	117	lowercase u
v	118	lowercase v
w	119	lowercase w
x	120	lowercase x
y	121	lowercase y
z	122	lowercase z
{	123	left curly brace
|	124	vertical bar
}	125	right curly brace
~	126	tilde